ليش الوطن خالي من نزالي شعر شعبي

مكتبة الشعر الشعبي

الشاعر نصيب السكوري

ليش الوطن خالي من نزالي .. ليش الجار ما يقبل الجار
ليش المال تبقى به هلالي .. ليش القل يهزم في اميار
ليش الظلم كي تديره يوالي .. ليش الحق مو لاقي انصار
ليش الشيخ لباس الجبالي .. يحكي غير ما يحدد مسار
ليش الثلب فاتر في الليالي .. ليش الذوذ حيل مو عشار
ليش السوق واكس موش غالي .. تجلب غير ما يشرو تجار
ريت الضان جلمها الجالي .. و هلها ليش دفاعت اجار
يا نشاد فسرلي احوالي .. و انشد نين تعرف ويش صار
نرايف ليش نمشي للغوالي .. و نحكي غير ما نقلع جضار
ذيل الناس كي يلبس بدالي .. ليش يعاف فناس الحرار
هو لاصيت لاله حس مالي .. لاكن الارض تقلب في البذار
والاب يقول ربيتهم عيالي .. و ليش ضناه يقول هو اش دار
خذاني طيف جايبلي خيالي .. خباتث ليل و طيابة نهار
ملك الله يبقاله لعالي .. ضايق لبش و مقسم اشبار
كان النوم برياح القبالي .. توا ليش يسفن في غبار
يا حضار حالكم كيف حالي .. ولا غير دالني افكار
و اسباب القول من صاحب شكالي .. يدور غير في حسن الجوار

غلوبال شير #GlobAllShare.موقع نصاب بعد التجربة....................................

في الحقيقة انا قمت با الاشتراك في هذا الموقع وبعد فترة اكتشفت بانه موقع نصاب دخلت علي موقع يعطيك مدي مصداقية المواقع الربحية علي الانترنت و وجدت نسبة عدم الثقة با الموقع والخطر كبيرة جدا وانا الكلام بان الموقع هذا يتقاسم الارباح معا الاعضاء ما هي الا خدعة لجلب اكبر عدد من المستخدمين وبعد تجربة الموقع والحصول علي عدد 7 اسهم عند طرح الاسهم قامو بزيادة المدة وطلبو 19.99 دولار عشان تبداء المضاربة في الاسهم في الموقع فتبين لي بان هذا الموقع نصاب انتبهو يا اخوتي 

هذا نص المقالة السابقة التي نشرتها

ظهرت مؤخراً شبكة اجتماعية جديدة تحمل اسم "غلوبال شير #GlobAllShare " ويقول القائمون عليها إنها تمتاز عن غيرها من مواقع التواصل الاجتماعي بأنها لا تفرض أي قيود على مستخدميها وتهدف "غلوبال شير" لأن تكون شبكة المستقبل للتواصل الاجتماعي غير المقيد، حيث يمكن للمستخدم التواصل مع من يشاء ونشر ما يشاء ليشاهده الجميع حول العالم.وربح الكثير من الأسهم في حالة التسجيل قبل إفتتاح الموقع رسميا بعد 10 أيام من هذا اليوم وعلى غرار الشبكة الاجتماعية الأكبر في العالم "فيسبوك"، أكد القائمون على "غلوبال شير" أنها مجانية تماماً، الآن ولاحقاً ويتوفر لشبكة "غلوبال شير" الجديدة تطبيق على متجر "غوغل بلاي" لمستخدمي نظام التشغيل "أندرويد" التابع لشركة "غوغل" للإشتراك في الموقع إضغط على هذا الرابط
https://www.globallshare.com

الهند وصلت للمريخ يا سادة

الهند وصلت للمريخ يا سادة

دخلت مؤخراً مركبة فضائية هندية تدعى «مانغاليان» المدار حول كوكب المريخ بعد رحلة قاربت السنة قطعت فيها مسافة 666 مليون كيلومتر تقريباً، لتصبح بذلك الهند هي الدولة الآسيوية الأولى التي تدخل نادي مستكشفي الكوكب الأحمر والرابعة بعد الولايات المتحدة الأميركية وأوروبا وروسيا.

وقال رئيس الوزراء الهندي وسط تصفيقات في مركز قيادة منظمة أبحاث الفضاء الهندية: «لقد حققنا اليوم إنجازاً سيسجله التاريخ، لقد خضنا التحدي للوصول إلى المجهول وأنجزنا شيئاً يشبه المستحيل»، وهذا مكسب لدولة الهند! نعم، إنها قدرة الإنسان الهندي على التحدي وتحقيق المستحيل.
منذ زمن والهند تتوافر على السلاح النووي، ولكن هذا لا يهم في مقالتنا هذه، فما يهم هو أن الهند بدأت تستفيد من تطور بحثها العلمي، ومن الاستثمار في الموارد البشرية والتكنولوجيا المتطورة.

ويستوقفني هنا رد المفكر «جوزيف ناي» على أولئك الذين قالوا إن القوة الأميركية في اضمحلال مستمر، فمشكلة القوة الأميركية في القرن الحادي والعشرين، ليست مشكلة اضمحلال، بل مشكلة ما يجب فعله في ضوء إدراك أن الدولة الكبرى نفسها لا يمكنها تحقيق النتائج التي تريدها، من دون مساعدة الآخرين، فهناك عدد متزايد من التحديات التي ستقتضي من الولايات المتحدة الأميركية ممارسة القوة مع الآخرين، بقدر ممارسة القوة على الآخرين، مما يفرض أيضاً فهماً أعمق للقوة، وكيف تتغير، ومعرفة كيفية وضع استراتيجيات للقوة الذكية تجمع بين موارد القوة الخشنة والقوة المرنة في عصر المعلومات..وأعتقد أن الهند أصبحت مجسدة لهذه القوة الذكية.

فهذه القوة في القرن الحادي والعشرين لا تعني عدد الرؤوس النووية التي تتوافر عليها البلد، أو كيف تحافظ على السيطرة العسكرية، بل يعني ذلك إيجاد طرائق للجمع بين الموارد في استراتيجيات ناجحة في مجال التنمية والابتكار، وعدد سكان الهند كبير جداً: أزيد من مليار ومائتي مليون نسمة.

وكل المؤشرات توحي بأن هذا البلد بدأ يدخل نادي الدول الكبار في المجالات الاقتصادية والبحثية والابتكارية دون نسيان المجالات العسكرية المتعددة.

كما أن بعض المحللين الاقتصاديين يكتبون أن الهند يمكن أن تحتل اقتصادياً الرتبة الثالثة عالمياً في حدود سنة 2030 نظراً للتطور الهائل الذي يشهده القطاع الخاص الهندي، ثم هناك أكثر من نصف السكان تقل أعمارهم من 25 سنة بمعنى أن مشكل الشيخوخة الذي تعانيه دول جارة، كالصين وتداعيات ذلك اقتصادياً واجتماعياً لا يشغل بال المسؤولين الهنود، ولكن القوة التي سمحت لها بدخول عالم مستكشفي الكوكب الأحمر تكمن في البحث العلمي المتطور وفي علمائها الذين هم في تزايد مستمر: أكثر من 400000 مهندس يتخرجون سنوياً من الجامعات والمعاهد الهندية المتخصصة، أي بمعدل مماثل لعدد المتخرجين من أميركا، وأكثر بكثير من عدد المتخرجين في أوروبا مجتمعة.

اعطوهم حقهم ما ريك

اعطوهم حقهم   ما ريك

ميلود العمروني - ممثل وكاتب ومخرج ، كتب ومثل بالإذاعتين وأخرج للمسرح . - من مواليد بنغازي 12/8/1961 م . - البداية الفنية عام 1974 من خلال نادي نجوم الجمهورية ( نادي السواعد حالياً ) . - عضو بالمسرح الحديث بنغازي . - درس الكهرباء العامة وإدارة الأعمال . - تحصل على العديد من الدورات المحلية في مجال التمثيل . - قدمت له فرقة الهلال للسينما والمسرح مسرحية ( لعبة الصعاليك ) وهي أول كتاباته المسرحية مستوحاة عن مسرحية ( النعجة سالفة الذكر ) للكــــاتب الاسكتلندي ( جون برندان ) ولاقت استحسان الجمهور المغربي الشقيق بمدينة الجديدة . - اعد للمسرح مسرحية ( اللي صار صار ) والتي شاركت بها الفرقة في المهرجان المسرح الثالث بمدينة بنغازي كما أخرج لنفس الفرقة مسرحية ( ضنوة عدوك ) وذلك عام 1988 م . - أعد وأخرج مسرحية ( إنها معقودة في السر ) للمسرح المدرسي وهي أول مسرحية مدرسية تذاع من خلال الإذاعة المرئية الليبية كسهرة وذلك عام 1984 م . - أعد للمهرجان المدرسي عام 1986 مسرحية الجرة وهي مسرحية للكاتب الإيطالي لويديجي برنديللو وقدمها بنفس الاسم لمدرسة الناصر صلاح الدين الثانوية ببنغازي - قدم خلال ثلاثون عاماً من العطاء ثلاثون مسرحية منها 28 مسرحية فكاهية وعملين بالفصحى . - صدر له عام 2004 كتاب يتحدث عن الضحك من الولادة وحتى الموت بعنـــوان ( الضحك والإضحاك ) وفيه وضع أول تعريف : للضحك حيث لم يسبق أن تم تعريف الضحك قبل ذلك . - تحصل على العديد من الألقاب آخرها لقب ( نجم الكوميديا الشعبية ) . أهم المسرحيات التي قدمها :ـ 1. مسرحية ( غريب ) تأليف منصور فنوش وإخراج محمد علي الورفلي . 2. مسرحية ( قهوة الرايق ) تأليف منصور فنوش إخراج فرج الربع . 3. مسرحية (المضطهدون ) تأليف محمد إدريس السعيطي إخراج فرج الطيرة . 4. مسرحية ( عروس بالاسلكي ) تأليف محمد إدريس السعيطي إخراج عمر القلال . 5. مسرحية ( نوارة ) تأليف على الجهاني إخراج على بوجناح . 6. مسرحية ( أحسن فريق في العالم ) تأليف محمد العقوري إخراج مفتاح بادي 7. مسرحية ( أنشدني أنقولك ) تأليف محمد العقوري إخراج رجب العريبي . 8. مسرحية ( المفارقة ) إعداد رجب الأوجلي إخراج خليفة الحوات . 9. مسرحية ( لا رامبو لا باريس ) تأليف وإخراج خميس امبارك . 10. مسرحية ( أصل وصورة ) إعداد محمد العقوري إخراج عوض السمين . 11. مسرحية ( زاهي منور فوق شيكاغو ) تأليف وإخراج خميس امبارك . 12. مسرحية ( ارتباك ) تأليف علي الجهاني إخراج خالد الشيخي . 13. مسرحية ( حميد وحميدة ) تأليف علي الجهاني إخراج فرج الربع . 14. مسرحية ( أبلة تعويضة ) تأليف علي الجهاني إخراج خالد الشيخي . 15. مسرحية (عرسان موسكو ) تأليف وإخراج خميس امبارك . 16. مسرحية ( قالك ولعلي ) تأليف أسامة الشيخي إخراج خالد الشيخي . 17. مسرحية ( داير لون في المكسيك ) تأليف وإخراج خميس امبارك . 18. مسرحية ( الغجر غجر ) تأليف خميس امبارك إخراج خالد الشيخي . 19. مسرحية ( الشقة حارس الجميع ) تأليف تأليف أسامة الشيخي إخراج عبد الحميد البــــاح . 20. مسرحية ( الناس سواء ) إعداد وإخراج عبد الله أحمد عبد الله . 21. مسرحية ( شيع وطي ) تأليف محمد الأصفر إخراج محمد الصادق . 22. مسرحية ( عروس البحر ) تأليف وإخراج علي بحيري . 23. مسرحية ( رواد وبواكير ) تأليف وإخراج خميس امبارك . 24. مسرحية ( عبد الشفيع البديع ) تأليف علي الجهاني وإخراج علي بوجناح . 25. مسرحية ( خرف يا شعيب ) إعداد وإخراج داودد الحوتي . 26. مسرحية ( المستشفى ) تأليف وإخراج داودد الحوتي . 27. مسرحية ( عائلة فوق الريح ) تأليف وإخراج صالح العرفي . 28. مسرحية ( سكر في أميه ) تأليف صالح الأبيض إخراج مفتاح بادي . 29. مسرحية ( سوبر ستار ) تأليف وإخراج خميس امبارك . 30. مسرحية ( سلم خوته اللي صبوله ) تأليف محمد العقوري إخراج مفتاح بادي . - في عام 93 تحصل على أفضل ممثل من خلال الاستبيان الذي قــام به برنامـج (( ألوان الليل )) بإذاعة الجماهيرية . - وفي استبيان عام 2000 الذي قام به برنامج (( فنون فنون )) بإذاعة بنغازي المحلية تحصل على أفضل ممثل للعام . - كما تحصل في عام 97 على جائزة الممثل الثالث بالمهرجان الوطني السابع للمسرح بطرابلس عن دوره في مسرحية (( الصبح الأول )) . - في عام 2001 تحصل على جائزة لجنة التحكيم عن مسرحية (( عروس البحر )) صحبته زملاءه الذين شاركوه في المهرجان الأول للمسرح التجريبي بمدينة البيضاء بليبيا . - وفي عام 2003 تحصل على جائزة أفضل ممثل للمهرجان الثاني للمسرح التجريبي بمدينة البيضاء عن دوره في مسرحية (( خرف يا شعيب )) . - كرمته مدينة بنغازي عام 2003 . - تحصل على وسام العمل الأهلي من الجمعية الوطنية لمكافحة المخدرات بنغازي . كتب للإذاعة المرئية ( التلفزيون ) :ـ - برنامج ( دعوة فرح ) 15 حلقة . - برنامج ( بيني وبينك ) 15 حلقة . - برنامج ( كيف الصح ؟ ) 15 حلقة . كتب للمسموعة ( الراديو ) :ـ - مسلسل ( رمضانيات ) 15 حلقة لإذاعة الجماهيرية . - مسلسل ( مواقف طريفة ) 15 حلقة لإذاعة الجماهيرية . - مسلسل ( مواقف ضاحكة ) 15 حلقة لإذاعة الجماهيرية . كتب لإذاعة بنغازي المحلية . - مسلسل ( نص ضحكة ) 15 حلقة مسموعة . - سلسلة ( بيني و بينك ) ( طرائف ) 60 حلقة لموسمين رمضانيين

تطبيق الاندرويد لموقعنا للتحميل

تطبيق الاندرويد لموقعنا للتحميل من هنا او من هنا 

الجزء الثاني الحلقة الاولي ضيعة ضايعة

ضيعة ضايعة الجزاء الثاني حلقة 22

ضايع ضايعة دقة عالية الجزء الثاني الحلقة 25

ضيع ضايعة الحزء الثاني دقة عالية

ضيعة ضايعة كسرنا الدف هههه

ضيعة ضايعة غباء اسعد ههههههه

ضيعة ضايعة خلاف

ضيعة ضايعة افضل مسلسل كوميدي سوري

Whales

Q Is that a fountain of water coming

out of the blowhole?

A The whale opens its

blowhole to breathe out stale

air. When this air

comes in contact

with the colder

air outside, the

water vapour in

the atmosphere

condenses. This

looks like a

fountain or

spout.

Whales

Whales might live in the oceans and might even look like very

large fish, but they are mammals. Like most other mammals,

whales give birth to live young and breathe with their lungs.

Whales belong to a group of animals called marine mammals.

They are among the largest animals on the planet.

The Living Planet

Q Why do whales have holes on their heads?

A Whales do not have gills like fish. Instead

they take in air through nostrils like all the

other mammals. The nostrils of whales, called

blowholes, are located on top of their heads.

Every once in a while, whales come to the

surface of the water and open their blowholes

to breathe.

56

Quick Q’s:

1. What is blubber?

Blubber is a layer of

fat found between the

skin and flesh of all

whales. It preserves

body heat and stores

energy as well as

keeping whales afloat.

2. Do whales live as

a family?

Most whales are social

creatures. They travel

and feed in groups

called pods. Many of

them migrate long

distances in groups

between their feeding

and breeding grounds.

3. What do whales use

their tails for?

The tail of a whale is

divided into two parts,

called flukes. While

fish move their tails

sideways to swim,

whales swim by moving

their flukes up and

down in the water.

4. Which is the largest

whale in the world?

Blue whales are not

only the largest whales,

but also the largest

animals ever to live on

Earth. They can be as

long as 34 metres (112

feet). They are also the

loudest animals on

Earth – 1.5 times as

loud as a pneumatic

drill. But they use such

a low frequency that we

cannot hear them.

There she blows

Whale hunters and whale watchers spot whales by the

fountain of water coming out of their blowholes.

Killer whale

The killer whale or orca is the most common member of

the family of marine mammals that includes whales and

dolphins. They can be found in all the oceans of the

world. They are highly social animals and travel in stable

groups, led by the oldest female member of the group.

Odd Mammals

It’s a

mammal

The platypus lives

in and around rivers

in eastern Australia

and Tasmania. The male

has a spur on the hind

foot that can secrete poison.

Big jumper

The kangaroo can jump

so far that it is difficult

to catch one. Their

numbers have grown

many times in the absence

of predators in Australia,

where they live.

Odd Mammals

Most mammals share certain characteristics. The majority

of mammals give birth to live young and look after them,

and most of them (apart from some sea mammals)

have four limbs and live on land. But there are some

exceptions, such as platypuses, anteaters and bats.

QDo any mammals lay eggs?

A The duck-billed platypus and the spiny

anteater lay eggs. They are found in Australia,

Tasmania and New Guinea. They were among

the first mammals on Earth. Apart from

laying eggs, they are similar to other

mammals. They are warm-blooded, have hair

and produce milk to feed their young. But

neither anteaters nor platypuses have any

teeth. They have snouts that look like beaks.

QWhy do some mammals like kangaroos

carry their babies in a pouch on their bellies?

A Kangaroo babies are born early, before

they have finished developing. When the baby

is born, it climbs into its mother’s pouch

where it remains for several weeks until it

is strong enough to move about on its own.

The baby may remain in the pouch for more

than a year, climbing out to play more and

more often. Apart from kangaroos, koalas,

possum and wombats also carry their

babies in a pouch. All the mammals that

do this are known as marsupials.

Q How are bats able to fly?

A The front legs of bats act as wings. Each

leg has four long fingers to support the wing.

The wings have a double layer of skin

stretched between the finger bones and

attached to the side of the body and to the

hind legs. Bats have three pairs of flight

muscles, attached to the upper arms and

chest, that give them the power to fly.

Odd Mammals

55

Following its echo

Bats use a special sense of vibration, called

echolocation, to find food and to navigate.

They emit sounds that bounce back as echoes after

striking an object. Bats can identify the direction,

distance, speed, and sometimes, even the size of an

object by listening to this echo.

This special technique helps them to find food

and avoid obstacles in the dark.

Try these too…

South America

(112–113), Australia

and Oceania (114–115),

Europe (116–117),

Africa (118–119),

Asia (120–121)

Odd-toed Mammals

Q Does the tapir belong to the same family

as zebras and rhinos?

A Although it looks a lot like a pig, the

tapir is in fact closely related to zebras and

rhinos. This animal has a short, muscular

trunk and is about 1 metre (3.2 feet) tall.

It has splayed hooves, which help it to get

a firm grip on soft, muddy ground.

Odd-toed Mammals

Some mammals have an odd number of toes or hooves. This

group includes animals like horses, zebras, rhinoceros and

tapirs. Horses, zebras and donkeys have only one toe in each

foot, which is in the form of a hoof. A rhinoceros has three toes.

Tapirs have four toes in their front feet, three in their hind feet.

The Living Planet

Q How can you tell the different types of

zebra apart?

A There are three main kinds of zebra –

the plains, mountain and Grevy’s zebra. The

plains zebra, found in the African grasslands,

is the most common of all three species. It is

striped all over and its stripes are wider than

those of the other two species. Mountain

zebras are native to the mountainous regions

of southwest Africa. They have a white belly.

Grevy’s zebra is the largest of the zebra

species. It has a mane that stands up straight,

large ears and narrow, closely set stripes that

extend all the way down to its hooves.

Q How many species of rhinoceros are there?

A There are five species of rhinoceros in

the world today. They are the Sumatran,

Javan, Indian, white and black rhinoceros.

The white and black rhinoceros are found in

Africa, while the others live in Asia. All rhinos

have thick skin with folds. They have short,

thick legs and a tiny tail. They are solitary

animals that come together only during the

mating season.

54

Quick Q’s:

1. Where did the horse

come from?

The earliest ancestor of

the horse lived in

North America about

55 million years ago.

It was the size of

a small dog, and did

not look anything like

today’s horse. But its

teeth were like any

horse we know today.

This animal went

through many changes

over millions of years

before the modern

horse evolved.

2. Where are tapirs

found?

There are five species

of tapirs in the world.

Three of these are

found in the

rainforests of South

America, while the

other two inhabit parts

of southeast Asia and

Iran. All tapirs prefer

water to land and

spend a great deal of

time in lakes and

streams.

Mother and child

Baby tapirs are various

shades of pink and have

prominent stripes. Their

colour changes to grey

and white and the stripes

fade as they grow older.

Under threat

Indian rhinos have one horn, while African rhinos have

two. The horns are supposed to have healing properties

and are used in various forms of traditional medicine.

As a result, rhinos have been hunted and now their

numbers have grown alarmingly small. There are so few

Javan and Sumatran rhinos left that the species is under

threat of extinction.

Staying in a herd

Plains zebras are among

the most common animals

seen in the African

savannah. They usually

do not go very far

from watering holes.

Hoofed Animals

Hoofed Animals

The nails of some mammals are large and hard enough for them

to walk on. These nails are called hooves and such animals are

called hoofed animals, or ungulates. This group includes pigs,

hippopotamuses, camels, giraffes, goats and cattle.

QHow did the hippopotamus get its name?

A The word hippopotamus means river

horse in Greek. The hippopotamus spends

a large part of its day in shallow water and

usually comes out only at night.

QDo hippopotamuses sweat blood?

A Common hippos do not have sweat

glands, but their pores secrete a reddish-pink

fluid which is often mistaken for blood. This

fluid gives their skin a shiny appearance and

prevents it from cracking in the heat.

Q How many species of camels are there

in the world?

A There are two species of camels. They

are the Bactrian and the Arabian camel. The

Bactrian camel has two humps on its back,

while the Arabian camel has one. The humps

contain fat that provides the animal with

nutrients when food is not available.

Q How are llamas different from camels?

A Llamas are found in South America.

Although they are in the same family as

camels and even look a lot like them, llamas

do not have humps. They are usually white,

with black and brown patches. Alpacas are

similar to llamas but much smaller.

Q Is there any difference between antelope

and deer?

A All species of antelope have pointed,

hollow horns that are permanent. Deer have

branched antlers that they shed every year.

Deer antlers are solid and bony. Only male

deer grow antlers, while both male and

female antelope have horns.

Hoofed Animals

53

Living tall

The giraffe is the tallest living mammal.

An adult male giraffe can grow to a height

of about 6 metres (20 feet). In contrast, the

giraffe’s body is not as long as that of most

other hoofed animals. Its front legs are

slightly longer than its hind legs. Giraffes’

necks can be over 1.5 metres (5 feet) in

length, but only have seven vertebrae (neck

bones). Its long neck and extraordinary

height help the giraffe to pluck leaves that are

beyond the reach of other animals. Giraffes

also have tongues that can be extended as far

as 45 centimetres (18 inches)!

Two humps

The Bactrian camel (above) is found in the Gobi desert of

Mongolia. The Arabian camel is found in Asia and Africa.

Hollow weapon

Antelope horns are hollow

and light. But they are

still formidable weapons.

Camel’s cousin

The llama is found in the

Andes mountains.

Try these too…

North America

(110–111), South

America (112–113),

Africa (118–119), Asia

(120–121), Ancient

Americas (132)

Elephants

Q How are African elephants different

from Asian elephants?

A African elephants are larger and have

less hair. They have bigger, fan-shaped ears.

Both male and female African elephants have

tusks. In contrast, Asian elephants have lowerhanging

ears and only the male members

have tusks. The savannah

elephant is light grey,

while forest and Asian

elephants have dark

grey skin.

Q How do

elephants use their trunks?

A The elephant’s trunk is a combination

of its nose and upper lip. The elephant uses

its long, flexible trunk to grasp objects, pluck

leaves, break off branches and carry heavy

objects like logs. While strong, the trunk is

also very sensitive. Small, finger-like

projections at the end help elephants to pick

up small objects. The trunk is also used to

suck in water for drinking or to spray water

over the body for bathing. Elephants

pick up dust with their trunks in

the same way when they want to

have a dust bath. When lying in

water, the elephant sticks its trunk

out to breathe. Elephants use the

nostrils at the tip of the trunk to

capture the scent in the air.

The trunk is then placed in

their mouth, where special

organs identify the scent.

Elephants

Elephants are the world’s largest land animals. They are divided

into three different species – savannah, forest and Asian

elephants. Savannah and forest elephants are together known

as African elephants.

52

Quick Q’s:

1. Do the members of

a herd stick together?

The members of a

herd feed, bathe and

migrate together. They

usually stay very close

to the leader. They also

protect one another

from predators. The

young, sick and old are

especially well-defended

by the healthier

members. When faced

with danger, the head of

the herd leads the rest

away. When the leader

dies, the next oldest

female takes over.

2. Do elephants eat

a lot?

The elephant’s

digestive system is very

weak. It can digest

only 40 per cent of the

food it eats. It has to

make up by eating a

great deal. An adult

eats about 140–270

kilograms (300–600

pounds) of leaves and

grass every day.

3. How big are the

tusks of an African

elephant?

An African elephant’s

tusks are between

1.8–2.4 metres (6–8 feet)

in length and weigh

about 20–45 kilograms

(50–100 pounds).

Those of an Asian

male are only about

1.5 metres (5 feet)

in length and weigh

about 30 kilograms

(70 pounds).

Big pet

Asian elephants have

been domesticated by

people for centuries.

Tragic tusks

Elephants have often

been hunted for their

precious ivory tusks.

Moving in a herd

A herd of African elephants moves towards a watering

hole. Note how the young members of the herd are

surrounded by older and stronger members for

protection. Elephant herds are led by the oldest female.

The Living Planet

Q Are the elephant’s tusks really teeth?

A The tusks of an elephant are simply

elongated incisor teeth. A calf is born with a

pair of incisors that are replaced within 6 to

12 months. The second set grows into tusks.

Canines

Canines

The canine family includes dogs, wolves, foxes, coyotes, dingoes

and jackals. Though dogs were probably the first animals to be

domesticated by humans, wild canines can still be found in every

part of the world. Wolves and wild dogs live in large packs, while

the other canines are solitary or live in small groups.

The Living Planet

Q What makes canines good hunters?

A All canines have a keen sense of hearing

and smell. As a result, they can locate prey

a long way off. Wild canines are very

determined hunters, willing to chase prey

over long distances. They also have several

sharp teeth used for killing, feeding and

defence. Canines use their chisel-like incisors

for cutting food and grooming. These are

located in the front of the mouth. Next to

them is a pair of dagger-shaped canine teeth

used for fighting and hunting.

Q Can canines run fast?

A Canines can run extremely fast and have

a lot of stamina. This ability is due to their

long legs and ankle bones. Canines have a

highly flexible backbone that can be arched

as they run. Their feet are small, and all their

toes have strong but blunt claws. Their small,

light feet and limbs help them to

run more efficiently than other

animals with larger

legs. Wolf packs and

hunting dogs are

known to chase their

prey for hours.

They finally

overtake

animals

that may

be faster

than them

over short

distances.

50

Quick Q’s:

1. Which is the fastest

canine in the world?

Greyhounds are the

fastest canines in the

world. They have been

known to run at speeds

of up to 70 kilometres

per hour (44 miles per

hour). African hunting

dogs are also very fast

and can maintain

speeds of 50–60

kilometres per hour

(31–37 miles per hour)

for very long distances

while chasing prey.

2. What is unique

about fennecs?

Fennecs are the

smallest canines. These

tiny foxes are only 65

centimetres (2 feet)

long from the top of

their ears to the tips of

their tails, and weigh

less than 1.5 kilograms

(3.3 pounds). These

desert-dwellers have

huge ears that help

them to dispel excess

heat from their body.

Desert fox

Fennecs live in the hot Sahara desert. Their coats can

repel sunlight in the day and conserve heat at night.

Fierce hunters

Wild African hunting dogs

are feared by other

animals because they do

not give up the chase.

Q What is the structure of a wolf pack?

A Wolf packs have a breeding male, called

the alpha, which rules over the others in

the pack. He asserts his authority by using

dominant body posture, facial displays,

growls, barks, scent marking and at times,

even fighting. The alpha’s mate, called beta,

is the second in command.

Q Do foxes live in groups like wolves?

A Some species of fox, like the red fox,

live in small groups, but foxes usually hunt

alone. A male and female fox pair defends

the territory in which they hunt and raise

their young. Sometimes several female foxes,

usually a mother and her daughters, live in

a group with a single male. The younger

adults in a red fox group act as helpers,

assisting the breeding pair in defending

their territory and caring for the young.

Bears

Q Which is the largest of all

bear species?

A The polar bear is not only the

largest of all bears, but also the largest

carnivore on land. Found in the Arctic

regions, polar bears can grow to a

length of 2 metres (7 feet) and can

weigh up to a massive 800 kilograms

(1,760 pounds). They have creamy white fur

that blends in with the ice. Polar bears are

excellent swimmers and move quickly on land

and in water. They prefer to eat meat, and

their diet mainly consists of seals and young

walruses. During the summer when ice floes

(sheets of ice) melt and food is scarce, polar

bears feed on berries and bird eggs.

Bears

Bears can be found in a wide range of habitats, including

mountains and Arctic regions. There are eight species of bear –

the spectacled bear, the sun bear, the giant panda, the Asiatic

black bear, the American black bear, the brown bear, the sloth

bear and the polar bear.

The Living Planet

Q Do the eight species of bear

have any common features?

A All species are fairly

similar, although there

are slight differences in

size and diet. Bears have

stocky bodies, powerful limbs,

thick fur and a short tail. They

have elongated heads, rounded ears

and long snouts. They have a keen

sense of hearing and smell.

All bears, except the polar bear,

are omnivorous. Their varied diet

includes roots, nuts, fruit, berries,

honey, caterpillars and ants. Bear

teeth are small, and are mainly

used for defence or as tools. The

molar teeth are broad and flat,

suitable for shredding and

grinding fruit, nuts and berries.

Q Do bears have claws like cats?

A Bears have four limbs with

paws. Each paw has five long,

sharp claws. Unlike cats, bears

cannot retract their claws. They

use them to climb trees, open

termite nests and beehives, dig for roots,

and catch prey. All bears have long,

shaggy fur. The colour of

fur varies from

species to species.

48

Ferocious grizzly

The brown bear, known as the grizzly bear in

North America, is a ferocious predator. When

threatened or during a fight for a mate,

grizzlies stand up on their hind legs and

use their long-clawed forepaws to fight.

Great swimmers

Polar bears are

excellent swimmers

and spend almost

as much time in

water as they

do on land.

Sharp claws

Bears have pads on their

feet to help them walk

and sharp, curved claws.

Quick Q’s:

1. How do you know

when a bear is angry?

When threatened or

agitated, bears stand

up on their hind legs.

They probably do this

to appear larger to

their enemies. They

also use their clawed

paws to slash at

an attacker.

2. How does the giant

panda spend most of

its day?

The giant panda bear

eats about 18 kilograms

(40 pounds) of

bamboo leaves and

stems or about 40

kilograms (85 pounds)

of bamboo shoots each

day. It spends up to

14 hours just eating.

3. What is special about

the Kermode bear?

The Kermode bear is a

type of American black

bear. It inhabits the

rainforests of British

Columbia, Canada.

The Kermode bear is

the only black bear to

have a white coat.

4. Which is the smallest

bear in the world?

Sun bears are the

smallest of all bear

species. Even so,

they grow up to 1.5

metres (5 feet) in

length and weigh up

to 66 kilograms

(146 pounds).

big cats

Q What is special about the claws of a

big cat?

A All big cats – except the cheetah – have

retractable claws. These claws can be drawn

into the paw when the cat is not using them.

This prevents the cat from getting hurt while

grooming. The cheetah has short claws. It

uses them to get a good grip on the ground

while chasing its prey at high speeds.

Big cats

A big cat is a cat that can roar! This group includes the lion,

tiger, jaguar and leopard. They have large eyes, sharp teeth,

excellent hearing and powerful limbs with sharp claws. Most

have long tails and coats that are either striped or spotted. Big

cats are found in all continents except Australia and Antarctica.

The Living Planet

46

Quick Q’s:

1. What do cats use

their tongues for?

A cat’s tongue is rough

and covered with

sharp, hook-like

projections called

papillae. Cats use their

tongues to clean the

flesh from the bones of

their prey and to

groom themselves.

2. How does a jaguar

kill its prey?

The jaguar uses its

powerful jaws and

sharp teeth to pierce

the skull of its prey

between the ears.

Its strong teeth can

even break open

turtle shells.

3. Are white tigers

albinos?

White tigers are not

albinos. A true albino

would not have stripes,

but white tigers have

prominent stripes.

They are not a separate

species, but differentlycoloured

members of

the same species. Their

colour is caused by a

mutation in their

genes, which rarely

occurs naturally. In

recent times, the first

pair of white tigers was

found in a forest in

central India. Since

then, most white tigers

we know of have been

bred in captivity and so

can usually be seen

only in zoos.

Q Why do the eyes of a big cat glow in

the night?

A The eyes of a big cat – or any other cat,

for that matter – have a mirror-like tissue in

them that gather even the faintest light and

focus it on an object, making it clearly visible

to the cat. It is this mirror-like structure that

causes the cat’s eyes to glow in the dark.

Hidden weapons

Big cats usually draw their claws into the paw (left)

and extend the claws (right) when about to jump

on their prey.

Q Is the cheetah a big cat?

A The cheetah is not actually a big cat as it

cannot roar, but purrs like our domestic cat.

However, it has many other characteristics of

a big cat, and is sometimes regarded as the

smallest member of the big cat family. It is

the fastest of all land animals, and can run

at a speed of up to 110 kilometres per hour

(70 miles per hour) over a short distance.

Roaring apparatus

The flexible hyoid bone of the big cats allows them to roar.

Living in a pride

Lions are the only big cats that live in prides. Each pride

has one adult male with three or four lionesses and their

cubs. Male cubs are thrown out of the pride as soon as

they become semi-adults.

Q How are big cats different from

other cats?

A Big cats are similar to our pet cats in

many ways. However, only big cats can roar.

This is because of a difference in the

structure of a bone that is present in the

mouth of all cats. This bone, called the hyoid

bone, connects the tongue to the roof of the

mouth. In small cats, the hyoid is hard, while

in big cats the hyoid is flexible, helping them

open their mouths really wide and roar aloud.

Apes

Apes

Apes are primates with long arms, a broad chest, and no tail.

Early apes evolved several million years ago, long before humans.

Only six species of ape survive today. Gibbons, siamangs and

orangutans live in Asia, while gorillas, chimpanzees and bonobos

are African apes.

Q Which is the largest of all apes?

A Gorillas are the largest apes. Adult males

are about 1.8 metres (6 feet) tall and weigh

up to 170 kilograms (375 pounds). They have

huge heads, a bulging forehead and a crest

with thick muscles on top of the head.

Although they are portrayed as aggressive and

dangerous killers, gorillas are in reality shy,

peaceful vegetarians. They are extremely

intelligent and can learn complex tasks. Each

evening, gorillas make nests using leaves and

twigs in which they curl up and sleep.

44

Quick Q’s:

1. Which species

is known as the

crying ape?

Chimpanzees are

crying apes. They

bark and produce

loud calls to warn the

rest of the group about

approaching danger.

2. Is a siamang also

an ape?

The siamang is a

black-coloured gibbon

found in Malaysia and

Sumatra. The siamang

is one of the three

species that form the

group of lesser apes.

It is the largest of the

lesser apes, growing

to a height of about

1 metre (3 feet).

3. What are bonobos?

Bonobos are a species

of chimpanzee,

discovered in 1928 by

American scientist

Harold Coolidge. They

are the closest relatives

to humans. They walk

on two feet longer than

any other apes feet.

Some bonobos in

captivity have learnt to

speak a human

language. Unlike other

apes, a bonobo society

is controlled by a

female. Today, bonobos

are found only in the

forests of central Congo

in Africa. There are so

few of them that they

are in danger of

becoming extinct.

Gentle giant

Gorillas do not attack

anyone unless

provoked.

In danger

The siamang is distinct for two reasons.

First, two fingers on each hand are fused

together. The second is the large throat

pouch found among the males. The male

siamang can inflate this pouch to make

loud calls. The siamang is under serious

threat as forests are being cut down.

The Living Planet

Monkeys

Top of the forest

Colobus monkeys are usually found

at the top layer of branches in

African rainforests.

Q What does a monkey eat?

A Most monkeys will eat whatever

they come across, including birds’ eggs, fruit

and the sap from plants. Several species

of monkey will even attack and eat

other monkeys. Howler monkeys

of South America and colobus

monkeys of Africa eat

the leaves of any

type of tree. The

digestive system

of leaf-eating

monkeys is similar

to that of other

herbivores, like

deer and cows.

Monkeys

Monkeys belong to the group of mammals called primates,

which also includes apes and humans. All three species share

certain characteristics, such as narrow noses and five fingers

and toes. However, unlike apes and humans, many monkeys

have tails. Monkeys from Asia and Africa have noses that point

downwards, while monkeys from Central and South America

have broad noses and nostrils that open sideways.

The Living Planet

Q What are the common characteristics

of primates?

A All primates have a large brain, and their

eyes face forwards, allowing binocular vision.

Most of them have thumbs on both hands

and feet that can be used for grasping.

Their highly developed brain helps

them to remember things, and to

understand others.

Q How many primate

species are there in the world?

A There are more than

350 species of primates in the

world, divided into two groups.

Small to medium-sized

primates, such as lemurs and

lorises, have long whiskers

and well-developed senses of

smell and hearing. The rest

of the primates, including

humans, apes and other

monkeys, are part of the

‘humanlike’ category. This group

consists of about 175 species.

Most of these primates have flat

faces and a poor sense of smell.

42

Quick Q’s:

1. Why is the Japanese

macaque also known as

the snow monkey?

The Japanese macaque,

commonly known as

the snow monkey, is

one of the few primate

species that live in

cold regions. They are

found in the mountains

of Honshu in Japan.

When it is very cold,

these monkeys move

near hot springs to

keep themselves warm.

2. What is grooming?

Monkeys and apes

groom each other’s fur

using their hands. This

helps not only to get

rid of parasites and dirt

but is also an important

part of socializing.

3. Why are monkeys

called social animals?

Most species of

monkeys live in

groups. The size of

a group depends on

how much food is

available and if there

are predators around.

4. Do howler

monkeys howl?

Howler monkeys make

a peculiar barking

sound. They can

be heard up to

3 kilometres

(1.9 miles) away.

Ringed tail

Lemurs are easily

identified by their

ringed tails.

Big hug

Snow monkeys

are often found

huddling near hot

springs to keep

warm.

Hurricanes and Tornadoes

Hurricanes and Tornadoes

Sometimes the weather becomes wild. Blizzards, thunderstorms,

hurricanes and heatwaves are some examples of extreme

weather conditions. Such severe weather often causes a great

deal of damage to both life and property. Hurricanes and

tornadoes especially are very destructive.

Quick Q’s:

1. Can hurricane winds

be measured?

Hurricanes are divided

into five categories

depending on their

wind speeds. Category

5 hurricanes are the

worst, causing

maximum damage.

Winds of a category 5

hurricane can reach

speeds of about 250

kilometres per hour

(155 miles per hour).

Category 1 hurricanes

are much weaker, and

only travel at 119–153

kilometres per hour

(74–95 miles per hour).

2. What is a

storm surge?

Sometimes the strong

winds of a hurricane

can cause the water

level in the ocean to

rise. Huge waves hit

the coast along with

the storm, causing

severe flooding. This is

called a storm surge.

3. What is the

Fujita scale?

The Fujita scale is

used to measure the

intensity of a tornado.

It ranks tornadoes by

the damage caused to

man-made structures.

4. How did tornadoes

get their name?

The word tornado is

from the Spanish tomear,

meaning ‘to turn’.

40

Eye of the hurricane

This satellite image clearly shows the eye of the

hurricane, an area of calm in the middle of the storm.

Huge destroyer

In 2005, Hurricane Katrina, seen here in a satellite

image, destroyed large parts of the city of New Orleans

in the USA.

Q What is a hurricane?

A Hurricanes are large, violent storms that

form over the ocean near the equator. These

storms are accompanied by winds that travel

at an average speed of about 119 kilometres

per hour (74 miles per hour). Hurricanes

usually occur between June and November.

Q How does a hurricane form?

A When the air above the sea is heated it

rises, creating an area of low pressure. Cooler

wind moves in to take place of the warm air.

The Earth’s rotation causes the rising hot air

to twist and form a cylinder. As the warm air

rises higher, it cools down and forms huge

thunderclouds and finally becomes a

hurricane. Meanwhile, the cooler air at the

bottom also becomes warm, adding more

energy to the storm.

QWhat is the eye of a hurricane?

A The centre of a hurricane is called the

eye. The eye is an area of clear skies, light

winds and no rain. It is also the warmest part

of the storm and is surrounded by a wall of

heavy rain and strong winds. People faced

with a hurricane usually experience the heavy

rain and strong winds first, then there is a

period of calm as the eye passes over the area,

followed by more stormy weather.

Hurricanes and Tornadoes

Hurricanes and Tornadoes

Sometimes the weather becomes wild. Blizzards, thunderstorms,

hurricanes and heatwaves are some examples of extreme

weather conditions. Such severe weather often causes a great

deal of damage to both life and property. Hurricanes and

tornadoes especially are very destructive.

Quick Q’s:

1. Can hurricane winds

be measured?

Hurricanes are divided

into five categories

depending on their

wind speeds. Category

5 hurricanes are the

worst, causing

maximum damage.

Winds of a category 5

hurricane can reach

speeds of about 250

kilometres per hour

(155 miles per hour).

Category 1 hurricanes

are much weaker, and

only travel at 119–153

kilometres per hour

(74–95 miles per hour).

2. What is a

storm surge?

Sometimes the strong

winds of a hurricane

can cause the water

level in the ocean to

rise. Huge waves hit

the coast along with

the storm, causing

severe flooding. This is

called a storm surge.

3. What is the

Fujita scale?

The Fujita scale is

used to measure the

intensity of a tornado.

It ranks tornadoes by

the damage caused to

man-made structures.

4. How did tornadoes

get their name?

The word tornado is

from the Spanish tomear,

meaning ‘to turn’.

40

Eye of the hurricane

This satellite image clearly shows the eye of the

hurricane, an area of calm in the middle of the storm.

Huge destroyer

In 2005, Hurricane Katrina, seen here in a satellite

image, destroyed large parts of the city of New Orleans

in the USA.

Q What is a hurricane?

A Hurricanes are large, violent storms that

form over the ocean near the equator. These

storms are accompanied by winds that travel

at an average speed of about 119 kilometres

per hour (74 miles per hour). Hurricanes

usually occur between June and November.

Q How does a hurricane form?

A When the air above the sea is heated it

rises, creating an area of low pressure. Cooler

wind moves in to take place of the warm air.

The Earth’s rotation causes the rising hot air

to twist and form a cylinder. As the warm air

rises higher, it cools down and forms huge

thunderclouds and finally becomes a

hurricane. Meanwhile, the cooler air at the

bottom also becomes warm, adding more

energy to the storm.

QWhat is the eye of a hurricane?

A The centre of a hurricane is called the

eye. The eye is an area of clear skies, light

winds and no rain. It is also the warmest part

of the storm and is surrounded by a wall of

heavy rain and strong winds. People faced

with a hurricane usually experience the heavy

rain and strong winds first, then there is a

period of calm as the eye passes over the area,

followed by more stormy weather.

Earthquakes and Tsunamis

Earthquakes and Tsunamis

The Earth is made up of a boiling hot, liquid centre covered by

a crust. This crust is broken into pieces called tectonic plates,

which move around, sometimes colliding into each other. These

collisions lead to earthquakes, some so small that they are hardly

felt. But some earthquakes are so massive that they cause the

ground to shake violently, destroying houses and killing people.

Quick Q’s:

1. Which is the worst

earthquake in history?

In 1556, an earthquake

struck three provinces

in China. About

830,000 people were

killed in the disaster.

It was the worst

earthquake in history.

2. Can we predict

earthquakes?

No, we cannot. The

movements of the

Earth are too complex

for us to be able to

predict earthquakes.

But we do know the

lines along which the

Earth’s plates meet,

so we know the areas

that are more likely

to have earthquakes.

3. What is liquefaction?

Liquefaction is caused

by the violent shaking

of the ground during

an earthquake. Moist

soil or sand turns into

slurry, like quicksand.

This liquid can suck in

entire buildings.

4. Is a tsunami the

same as a tidal wave?

A tsunami is diffeerent

from a tidal wave.

A tidal wave is

generated by high

winds, but a tsunami is

caused by underwater

earthquakes, landslides

or volcanic eruptions.

Q Do earthquakes occur everywhere?

A Earthquakes usually occur along a region

called a fault, where broken rocks under the

Earth’s surface rub against each other and

cause tremors. Faults are marked by cracks on

the Earth’s surface, caused by the movement

of tectonic plates. Most faults are located near

the edges of the plates, but small faults can be

found far away from the boundaries.

Q How do faults produce earthquakes?

A Faults allow the rock fragments that form

the Earth’s crust to move about. Over a

period of time, plate movement builds up

pressure, causing rocks along a fault to bend

or break with a jolt. This sudden movement

releases energy that moves through the surface

of the Earth in the form of waves. This is an

earthquake. The energy moves out in a circle

from the point where the movement occurs.

38

Fault in the Earth

The San Andreas Fault in

California, USA, is one

of the few faults in the

Earth’s surface that can

actually be seen by any

observer on the ground.

Most of the other faults

are covered by soil or

water. These faults mark

the lines on the Earth’s

surface where two

tectonic plates of the

Earth meet. As a result,

areas around these faults

are the ones most prone

to volcanic activity

and earthquakes.

San Francisco 1906

The notorious San

Francisco earthquake

in 1906 destroyed

most of the large

buildings in the

city. Tramlines

were ripped up

as the roads

buckled

under

them.

Earthquakes and Tsunamis

Q Where is an earthquake most dangerous?

A The point inside the Earth where the

rocks first begin to break is the focus of the

earthquake. The point on the Earth’s surface

that lies directly above the focus is called

the ‘epicentre’. This is where the earthquake

is strongest. In a major earthquake, the

maximum damage takes place at the

epicentre, and there is less damage as you

get further away from it. The epicentre is

directly above the hypocentre, the actual

location of the energy released inside the

Earth. Seismic waves ripple out from the

hypocentre. After an earthquake, scientists

can find the centre by looking at the seismic

wave data from three separate locations.

The extent of the damage caused by an

earthquake may also depend on the

nature of the soil.